Details

Assessment Objectives

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About

You will be asked three short questions about "key developments in film and film technology".
You must give precise, accurate answers, based on the information in the mind map below. </aside>

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Specification

Key Developments In Film And Film Technology

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Guidelines

Read the questions carefully — the examiner is looking for very specific, factual answers.
Write a full sentence in response to each question.
Take careful note of any bold text. If asked for a particular number of examples, follow the instructions precisely. </aside>

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Beginnings

https://youtu.be/utntGgcsZWI?si=BZ9wzqBOggHSzfEI

https://youtu.be/AhIbI_URhco?si=a3pKMLn-WGjCxclL

https://youtu.be/g-WuZisCi20?si=RyqlBuAauZNZ-mXt

https://youtu.be/c--DppM97eg?si=VjZowSz7r4vi9SBT

https://youtu.be/dOa7L2mc-Zs?si=9jSThjv0H1xONOuP

https://youtu.be/nOhLbjMSObo?si=zXmLtXcnzKtZSUvZ

Moving images were the natural technological evolution of still image photography.
It is difficult to pinpoint exactly when and where the first moving images were created. Many people around the world were simultaneously and independently working on similar technologies. </aside>

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1895

https://youtu.be/pySTmXv6CfQ?si=RJkj5gszAVOguSK_

https://youtu.be/wovhikemM98?si=xHvRwVGBPmJH2ws3

The first moving images are often credited to the Lumière Brothers in 1895.
Early moving images are not recognisable as the narrative cinema we are used to today. They are often referred to as the "cinema of attractions" — a kind of novelty that could be found in travelling fairs or tourist venues.

Questions:
- When were the first moving images created?
- Who created the first moving images?
- What did the Lumière brothers create? </aside>

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1895-1927

https://youtu.be/ySCi-BecfjE?si=TVJvwqm3yPJE2cYF

Moving images were extremely popular and quickly displaced vaudeville and music hall as the entertainment of the masses.
The "cinema of attractions" soon evolved into short narrative films, then full-length feature films that resemble those we are used to today.
Many of the techniques of modern cinema were developed during these early days of film:
- Cinematography
- Principles of lighting
- Continuity editing
- Mise-en-scène
- Location shooting

Questions:
- When did silent cinema develop from early short films to full-length feature films?
- What developed from early short films to full-length feature films?
- Silent cinema developed from what?
- Silent cinema developed into what?
- What filmmaking techniques were established during 1895–1927? </aside>

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1920s

https://youtu.be/zEvEwzNpivs?si=tjw7Hj5xJbrkdClt

In America, film became a commercialised industry. Studios were formed to finance, develop, produce and exhibit films for a profit. These studios operated on a model of "vertical integration" — controlling all aspects of the filmmaking process, from inception to exhibition.
Studios operated in competition with each other and the industry was dominated by eight companies — the big five and the little three.
- The Big Five:
  - Paramount
  - Warner Bros
  - MGM
  - Twentieth Century Fox
  - RKO
- The Little Three:
  - Columbia
  - Universal
  - United Artists

Questions:
- When did a vertically integrated Hollywood film industry gradually emerge?
- By what year was the vertically integrated Hollywood film industry established?
- What kind of film industry gradually emerged in the 1920s?
- What model did the vertically integrated Hollywood film industry operate on?
- What did vertical integration allow studios to control?
- Which two groups dominated the industry?
- Which studios were part of the “Big 5”?
- Which studios were part of the “Little 3”? </aside>

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